"ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ "ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ
ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ "ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ" ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ
ﳌﺪﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ
11
.
ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ "ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ" ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
2
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ/ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ ﺁﱄ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ
.. ،ﻣﱰ، ﻗﺪﻡ، ﺇﻧﺶ
، ﻣﻢ/ﻡ
،
%
°
ﳛﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻃﻔﺎﺀ، ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺿﺒﻂ "ﺷﻌﺎﻉ
ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﻧﺖ
.ﻧﻈﺮﻙ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ، ﻭﻻ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ
،ﻳﺒﻘﯽ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
2
2 609 140 906 • 16.2. 1 2
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.
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ
4
ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ
4
.ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ
ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ
5
.ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ
ﺍﳌﺆﴍ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ
ﺇﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ
ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ
ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ
ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ
(ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ )ﻃﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ
ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ
."ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ
ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ
◀
.ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﲈ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ
. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﺧﺮی ﻣﻦ
،"ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ )ﺭﺍﺟﻊ "ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
.ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ
.(
)ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻊ "ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ"، ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
315
ﺍﺳﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
.ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ
ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﻧﺖ
.ﻧﻈﺮﻙ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ، ﻭﻻ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ
ﺻﻮﺏ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ. ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
.ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮی ﻟﻮﻫﻠﺔ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ، ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ
. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ، ﻓﺘﺒﺪﺃ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﯽ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
2
ﺛﻮﺍﻥ. ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ
4
ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻭﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﺍﳍﺪﻑ. ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﯽ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺆﴍ ﺻﻮﰐ. ﻳﻄﻔﺄ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ
.ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﱄ
ﺛﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ
ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﲔ ﳌﺪﺓ
20
.ﻳﻄﻔﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ
(
ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ )ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ
A
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ
ﺍﳌﻘﻠﻮﺏ
ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﲈﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻣﺔ
9
،()ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ
)ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ
ﺍﳌﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ
180°
ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﻀﺪﺓ
)ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ، ﺇﻟﯽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ
،ﺇﻟﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ. ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻮی
ﺇﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮی ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﺘﻤﺖ )ﻣﺜﻼ: ﻋﻨﺪ
.ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ( ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
2
.(
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ
314
10
.(ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ )ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺜﻼ
ﺍﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﻮﻫﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ
2
◀
ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
2
.ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ
0,5
:ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ
–
ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ
90°
ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﲈﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻣﺔ
9
–
،(ﻣﻦ ﺭ ﹸ ﻛﻦ ﻣﺜﻼ
–
،(ﻣﺜﻼ
ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻟﺒﺔ
19
–
.(ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺜﻼ
ﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ
10
.ﻟﻼﺳﻨﺎﺩ
ﻋﺮﺑﻲ
| 315